Microminerals
In general, the microminerals added as supplements to rations of various
animal species are cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium,
and zinc. Table 8-1 on page 168-169 of the text lists sources of mineral
supplements utilized in feed supplements, complete feeds, or in mineralized
salt.
Table 10.4 lists various mineral sources with intermediate and high relative
bioavailability.
Table 10.4 - Various Mineral Sources with Intermediate and High Bioavailability
Mineral |
Source |
Bioavailability |
| Calcium |
Steamed bone meal
Monocalcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Defluorinated phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Ground limestone
Dolomite limestone |
High
High
High
Intermediate
Intermediate
Intermediate
Intermediate |
| Phosphorus |
Calcium phosphate
Phosphoric acid
Sodium phosphate
Steamed bone meal
Defluorinated phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate |
High
High
High
High
Intermediate
Intermediate |
| Magnesium |
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium oxide
Potassium and magnesium sulfate |
High
High
High
High |
| Potassium |
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulfate
Potassium and magnesium sulfate |
High
High
High |
| Sulfur |
Potassium sulfate
Potassium and magnesium sulfate
Sodium sulfate |
High
High
Intermediate |
| Cobalt |
Cobalt carbonate
Copper sulfate |
High
High |
| Copper |
Copper sulfate
Copper chloride
Copper carbonate
Copper nitrate |
High
High
Intermediate
Intermediate |
| Iodine |
Potassium iodide, stabilized |
High |
| Iron |
Ferrous sulfate |
High |
| Manganese |
Manganese sulfate
Manganese carbonate |
High
High |
| Selenium |
Sodium selenate
Sodium selenite |
High
High |
| Zinc |
Zinc carbonate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc chloride |
High
High
Intermediate |
Frequently, supplemental sources of the microminerals are provided in
a trace-mineral mix. According to regulations, the label of the mix must
state the minimum amount of each mineral present in the mix.
Selenium is the one trace mineral closely regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration. Data supports excessive levels of selenium are carcinogenic.
Federal regulations state the maximum level of selenium permitted in complete
feeds and trace-mineralized mixes for each species and specific classes
of the species. In addition, it is required selenium-containing products
are produced by a registered feed manufacturer and labeled.
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