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Week 7

Dairy: Heifers

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Grouping, Feeding Management, and Rations

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Groups and Feeding

  • Number of groups depends on herd size and facilities
    • 4 – 5 groups suggested
  • Group 1 Postweaning
    • Starter/grower and hay
  • Groups 2 and 3 - grower and hay
    • Corn/grass silage or hay, concentrate based on needs
    • Pre - breeding groups
  • Group 4 - Breeding age groups
    • silage, hay, grain
  • Group 5 - Bred Heifers
    • Body condition and supplement
    • Poorest quality forage
  • More groups = better nutrition but more labor

Forages for Heifers

  • Allocate quality where it will be used the best
    • Highest quality for younger heifers
    • Older heifers receive poorest quality
      • Lowest nutritional priority
  • Formulate rations for heifers to adequately supplement forages used

Complete Rations for Heifers

  • Advantages of TMR’s for heifers
    • Minimize feed competition
    • Use by-product feeds
    • Feed waste
  • Concerns
    • Need mix wagon
    • Heifer groups large enough to justify use of mix wagon

Growth Charts

  • Need to routinely monitor growth
    • Need facilities to do this
    • Gains 1.0 - 2.0 lb/day (0 – 3 lb/day)
  • Most variation between growth rates attributed to environment rather than feeding program
  • Must adjust feeding according to growth

Examples

 

Texas - 500 lb heifer gaining 1.8 lb/day
Components of the Diet
Feed
lb (as-fed)
Cotton gin trash
1.6
Rolled corn
2.8
Distillers
1.0
Cotton sweepings
0.8
Alfalfa hay
2.2
Wheat midds
3.6
Cottonseed meal
0.8
Sorghum silage
2.8
Milk
4.0

Resultant Nutritional Value and Cost
13.8 lb. DMI
17.0% CP
1.67 Mcal/kg NEM
1.06 Mcal/kg NEG
36% NDF
$0.63/day

 

 

Colorado - 500 lb heifer gaining 1.5 lb/day
Components of the Diet
Feed
lb (as-fed)
Wheat straw
3.2
Wet brewers
6.4
Carrots
4.0
Beet pulp
4.0
Corn screenings
2.4
Alfalfa silage
8.0

Resultant Nutritional Value and Cost
13.2 lb. DMI
11.2% CP
1.40 Mcal/kg NEM
0.82 Mcal/kg NEG
46% NDF
$0.44/day

 

 

 

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Department of Animal Sciences
OSU Extended Campus
Local 541-737-9204
Fax 541-737-2734
4943 The Valley Library
Corvallis, OR 97331-4504
Contact
o Staff
Syllabus
o Description, Mission, Goals
o Objectives
o Grading
o Schedule
o Important Information
Resources
o Library Services
o Writing Services
GI Tracts and Nutrient Utilization
o Introduction
o Classification
o Anatomy and Physiology
o Species Specifics
Nutrients
o Introduction
o Water
o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Lipids
o Minerals
o Vitamins
o Energy
o Functions and Requirements
Feedstuffs and Nutritional Value
o Introduction
o Estimating Nutritional Value
o Laboratory Based Analyses
o Animal Based Analyses
o Additional Considerations
Activities
o Discussion: Introduce Yourself
o Quiz
High Energy Feedstuffs
o Intro to High-Energy Feedstuffs
o Intro to Cereal Grains
o Corn
o Grain Sorghum
o Barley
o Oats
o Wheat
o Rye
o Triticale
o Rice and Millet
o Milling By-Products
o High Carb Liquid Feeds
o By-Product Dry Feeds
o Roots and Tubers
o Fats and Oils
o Additional High-Energy Feedstuffs
Activities
o Discussion
o Quiz
Protein Sources
o Introduction
o Oilseed Meals
o Millfeed Protein Sources
o Distillery and Brewery By-Products
o Grain Legumes
o Mammalian and Poultry Products
o Milk-Based Products
o Marine-Based Products
o Additional Protein Sources
o Non-Protein Nitrogen Compounds
o Liquid Supplements
Activities
o Discussion
o Quiz
Roughages
o Introduction
o Classes of Forage: Grasses
o Classes of Forage: Legumes
o Chemical Composition of Herbage
o Factors Influencing Nutritional Value
o Pasture Forages
o Cultivated Forages
o Hay
o High-Moisture Forages: Greenchop
o High-Moisture Forages: Silage
o High-Moisture Forages: Haylage
o Crop Residues
Activities
o Discussion
o Quiz
Mineral and Vitamin Supplements
o Intro to Mineral Supplements
o Macrominerals
o Microminerals
o Intro to Vitamin Supplements
o Vitamins
Feed Additives & Labeling
o Intro to Feed Additives
o Manufacture, Properties of Feed
o Efficiency of Animal Production I
o Efficiency of Animal Production II
o Consumer Acceptance of Products
o Feed Laws & Labeling
Activities
o Discussion
o Quiz
Feed Processing
o Introduction
o Grain Processing
o Forage Processing
o Effect on Nutrition
o Feed Processing, Non-Ruminants
o Feed Processing, Ruminants
o Economics of Processing
o Change in Feed Density
Activities
o Discussion
o Quiz
Ration Formulation
o Introduction
o Dry-Matter and As-Fed
o Economics
o Pearson's Square/Double Pearson's Square Examples
Spreadsheets
o Section 1-5
Activities
o Discussion
o Problem Sets
Dairy: Calves
o Introduction
o Dry Cow, Calving Environment
o Colostrum Management
o Liquid Feeds, Additives, Program
o Dry Feeds, Cold Stress, Forage
o Weaning
o Costs, Summary
Dairy: Heifers
o Introduction
o Nutrient Requirements
o Grouping, Management, Rations
Dairy: Lactating Cows
o Energy/Carbohydrates
o Protein
o Fats and Oils
o Minerals and Vitamins
o Dry Matter Intake
o Stages of Lactation
o Milk Components
o Balancing Rations
Activities
o Problem Sets
Beef: Cow-Calf
o Introduction
o Biological Cycle, Requirements
o Forages
o Supplementation
o Body Condition Score
o Management Strategies
o Wrap-Up
o Replacement Heifers
Beef: Growing-Finishing
o Stocker-Feedlot
o Growing Systems
o Newly Received Cattle
o Starting Cattle, Set-Up Rations
o Feed Bunk Management
o Feedstuffs
o Additional Items
Activities
o Problem Sets
Equine
o Introduction
o Digestive System
o Nutrients
o Ingredients
o Summary
o Western Performance Horse
o Workload
o Body Condition
o Calories, Critical Points
o Additional Information
Activities
o Problem Sets
Goats
o Introduction
o Feeding Behavior, Selection
o Requirements, Nutrients
o Feeding Management, Intake
Sheep
o Introduction
o Water
o Biological Cycle
o Dry Matter Intake
o Energy
o Protein
o Lactation
o Minerals, Vitamins
o Wool
o Ewes, Growing Lambs
o Additional Information
Activities
o Problem Sets
Poultry
o Introduction
o Factors Affecting Requirements
o General Comments
o Nutrients
o Special Concerns
o Layers
o Broilers
o Turkeys, Other Feed Components
Activities
o Problem Sets
Swine
o Introduction
o Energy
o Protein
o Minerals, Vitamins
o Additives
o Requirements and Processing
o Nutrient Management
o Product Quality
o Gestation, Lactating, Weanlings
Activities
o Problem Sets
Dog and Cat Nutrition
o Labels
o Ingredients
o Energy, Energy Requirements
o Needs, Photos, Calculations
o Feeding Levels, Overweight Pets
Assessment
o Online Evaluation
o Final Exam