Week 5

Mineral and Vitamin Supplements

Introduction to Mineral Supplements

Text Transcript

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• Inorganic compounds
• Chemically, elements
• Classified based on concentration in body and dietary requirement
• Macrominerals
• Greater than 100 ppm
• In ration, expressed as percent of dry-matter
• In general, daily requirement on order of decigrams to one or more grams
• Table 10.1 – Macrominerals and abbreviations

Table 10.1 - Macrominerals & Abbreviations

Macromineral	Abbreviation
Calcium	Ca
Chlorine	Cl
Magnesium	Mg
Phosphorus	P
Potassium	K
Sodium	Na
Sulfur	S

• Microminerals
• Trace minerals
• Less than 100 ppm
• In ration, expressed as milligrams per kilogram
• One ppm equal to one milligram per kilogram
• In general, daily requirement on order of micrograms to milligrams
• Table 10.2 – Microminerals and abbreviations

Table 10.2 - Microminerals & Abbreviations

Micromineral	Abbreviation
Chromium	Cr
Cobalt	Co
Copper	Cu
Fluorine	F
Iron	Fe
Iodine	I
Manganese	Mn
Molybdenum	Mo
Nickel	Ni
Selenium	Se
Silicon	Si
Zinc	Zn

• Each mineral
• Essential for maintenance and production functions
• At least one specific, exclusive function
• Table 10.3 – Primary functions of each of the macrominerals and microminerals

Table 10.3 - Function(s) of Macrominerals and Microminerals

Mineral	Primary Function(s)
Calcium	-Build and maintain bones and teeth -Blood coagulation -Muscle contraction and relaxation -Nerve transmission -Enzyme activation -Secretion of hormones and hormone-releasing factors -Milk production and egg shell formation
Chlorine	-Regulation of osmotic pressure, water balance, and acid-base balance -Production of HCl in gastric stomach
Magnesium	-Component of bones and teeth -Cellular metabolism of ATP and ADP -Protein digestion -Relaxes nerve impulses -Rumen buffer
Phosphorus	-Formation and maintenance of bones and teeth -Milk secretion -Building muscle tissue -Component of nucleic acids -Maintenance of osmotic and acid-base balance -Metabolic functions associated with energy, phospholipids, amino acids, and enzyme systems
Potassium	-Maintenance of acid-base balance -Transfer of nutrients between cells -Relaxes heart muscle -Secretion of insulin -Enzyme reactions -Carbohydrate metabolism -Protein synthesis
Sodium	-Maintenance of osmotic pressure and acid-base balance -Component of secretions of the pancreas, liver, skin, and other tissues -Muscle contraction -Nerve functions -Carbohydrate metabolism
Sulfur	-Component of sulfur-containing amino acid, biotin, thiamin, insulin, coenzyme A, certain complex carbohydrates and glutathione -Detoxification -Component of hair, wool, and feathers
Chromium	-Component of glucose tolerance factor -Activator of enzymes in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism -Stabilize nucleic acids -Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol
Cobalt	-Component of vitamin B-12
Copper	-Metabolism of iron -Formation of hemoglobin -Several enzyme system -Development and maintenance of vascular and skeletal structures -Central nervous system -Pigmentation of hair and wool -Component of proteins -Reproduction
Fluorine	-Development of bones and teeth
Iron	-Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin -Component of various enzymes -Activator of enzymes
Iodine	-Production of iodine-containing hormones, thyroxin and triiodothyronine involved in growth, nervous and muscle tissues, circulatory system, and metabolism of all nutrients
Manganese	-Formation of bone -Growth of connective tissues -Blood clotting -Insulin -Cholesterol synthesis -Activator of enzymes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism
Molybdenum	-Component of enzyme systems in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, sulfur-containing amino acids, nucleic acids, and iron metabolism -Enzyme component in production of uric acid -Growth-promoting effect -Component of teeth
Nickel	-Enzyme function in protein and lipid metabolism
Selenium	-Component of enzyme which is an antioxidant -Protection from specific toxic compounds
Silicon	-Growth and skeletal development
Zinc	-Skin, bones, hair, and feathers -Component of enzyme systems involved in digestion and respiration -Transfer of carbon dioxide in red blood cells -Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids -Reproduction -Immune function -Function of insulin

• Quantitative and qualitative assessments
  • Quantitative
    • Ash procedure of proximate analysis
      • Estimate of total mineral content
    • Specialized analysis via spectrophotometer
      • Quantity of individual mineral components
  • Qualitative
    • Bioavailability
      • Ability of mineral source to supply digestible and absorbable form of mineral
      • Table 10.4 – Various mineral sources with intermediate and high relative bioavailability

Table 10.4 - Various Mineral Sources with Intermediate and High Bioavailability

Mineral	Source	Bioavailability
Calcium	Steamed bone meal Monocalcium phosphate Dicalcium phosphate Defluorinated phosphate Calcium carbonate Ground limestone Dolomite limestone	High High High Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate
Phosphorus	Calcium phosphate Phosphoric acid Sodium phosphate Steamed bone meal Defluorinated phosphate Dicalcium phosphate	High High High High Intermediate Intermediate
Magnesium	Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium oxide Potassium and magnesium sulfate	High High High High
Potassium	Potassium chloride Potassium sulfate Potassium and magnesium sulfate	High High High
Sulfur	Potassium sulfate Potassium and magnesium sulfate Sodium sulfate	High High Intermediate
Cobalt	Cobalt carbonate Copper sulfate	High High
Copper	Copper sulfate Copper chloride Copper carbonate Copper nitrate	High High Intermediate Intermediate
Iodine	Potassium iodide, stabilized	High
Iron	Ferrous sulfate	High
Manganese	Manganese sulfate Manganese carbonate	High High
Selenium	Sodium selenate Sodium selenite	High High
Zinc	Zinc carbonate Zinc sulfate Zinc chloride	High High Intermediate

• Estimate
• Quantity and quality varies by mineral source and within mineral source

• Book values

• May not consistently represent actual contents of feedstuff
• Recommended, establish schedule to analyze mineral content of feedstuffs
• In general, mineral content of feeds such as grains consistent
  • Ash provides information regarding significant deviations
  • For significant deviations, perform analysis of individual minerals
• Forages and by-products may be variable
  • Perform individual mineral analyses on more frequent schedule
• Table 8-1 on page 168-169 of text – Sources of mineral supplements utilized in feed supplements, complete feeds, or in mineralized salt
  • Sources with asterisk most commonly utilized in commercial feeds
• Classifications
  • Inorganic or organic
    • Inorganic
      • Do not contain carbon
    • Organic
      • Do contain carbon
  • Natural or synthetic
    • Natural
      • Minerals processed to concentrate mineral and minimize contaminants
      • Organic or inorganic
    • Synthetic
      • Produced by chemical synthesis
      • Organic or inorganic
      • Chelated minerals
        • Synthetic, organic
        • Chemically, mineral bound to organic compound
        • Expensive per unit of mineral
        • Data do not conclusively support based on premise of improved utilization
  • An additional note, in general, mineral sources in feeds are in organic form
• Feeding
  • Added to ration or offered ad-libitum
  • Micronutrients require carrier
  • Consumption of ad-libitum varies by animal
    • Recommended to add supplements to complete feeds to promote adequate consumption by each animal
    • If feeding situation requires ad-libitum feeding, add salt to supplement to control consumption
• Supplementation
  • In general, minerals in feedstuffs and water do not fulfill dietary requirements for each mineral
    • Additional supplementation is required
  • Selection
    • Cost per unit of mineral available
    • Absence of antinutritional factors
    • Physical form
  • Specific mineral and quantity required
    • Animal species and physiological state
    • Available mineral in feedstuffs
    • Available mineral in water source
  • Complex
    • Number of minerals
    • Interrelationships between minerals
      • Figure 8-1 on page 167 of text - Identified interactions between various minerals
    • Varied requirements for each mineral
    • Varied ranges of subclinical and clinical toxicities for each mineral
• Management
  • Subclinical deficiencies and toxicities have potential to impact health and productivity
    • Essential to match mineral requirement to mineral available
  • Realize commercial mineral sources may not effectively meet animal requirements
    • Table 8-3 on page 175 of text – Mineral supplements, even specialized formulations, may be deficient in or provide excess
  • In comparison to impact on profitability, cost of mineral supplementation minimal