Week 5

Mineral and Vitamin Supplements

Macrominerals

Text Transcript

Follow along with the audio...

• In general, macrominerals added as supplements are Na, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, K, and S
• Table 8-1 on page 168-169 of text – Sources of mineral supplements utilized in feed supplements, complete feeds, or mineralized salt

• Table 10.4 – Various mineral sources with intermediate and high relative bioavailability

  Table 10.4 - Various Mineral Sources with Intermediate and High Bioavailability

  Mineral	Source	Bioavailability
  Calcium	Steamed bone meal Monocalcium phosphate Dicalcium phosphate Defluorinated phosphate Calcium carbonate Ground limestone Dolomite limestone	High High High Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate
  Phosphorus	Calcium phosphate Phosphoric acid Sodium phosphate Steamed bone meal Defluorinated phosphate Dicalcium phosphate	High High High High Intermediate Intermediate
  Magnesium	Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium oxide Potassium and magnesium sulfate	High High High High
  Potassium	Potassium chloride Potassium sulfate Potassium and magnesium sulfate	High High High
  Sulfur	Potassium sulfate Potassium and magnesium sulfate Sodium sulfate	High High Intermediate
  Cobalt	Cobalt carbonate Copper sulfate	High High
  Copper	Copper sulfate Copper chloride Copper carbonate Copper nitrate	High High Intermediate Intermediate
  Iodine	Potassium iodide, stabilized	High
  Iron	Ferrous sulfate	High
  Manganese	Manganese sulfate Manganese carbonate	High High
  Selenium	Sodium selenate Sodium selenite	High High
  Zinc	Zinc carbonate Zinc sulfate Zinc chloride	High High Intermediate

  • In addition, Na and Cl also supplemented
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl)
  • Most common supplement added to rations
  • Figure 10.1 – Salt

  

  • Sodium and chlorine
  • Macrominerals
  • Pure sodium chloride
  • Feeding
  • Alone
  • With additional components
  • Nutritive and nonnutritive
  • Salt functions as carrier
  • Iodized salt
  • Salt with iodine-containing compound added
  • Trace-mineralized salt
  • Salt with microminerals
  • Common added include Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, and Zn
  • S and Mg and limited amount of Se may be added
  • Figure 10.2 – Trace-mineralized salt

  

  • Appropriate in number of production situations
  • May pose issue is specific regions
  • Analyze each specific production situation
  • Examples of nonnutritive additives include antibiotics and anti-bloating compounds
  • For ruminants and horses
  • Added to ration or offered ad-libitum
  • Added to ration
  • Fine in texture and free-flowing
  • Ad-libitum
  • Loose or as compressed block
  • Form influenced by factors such as cost per unit, climate, and competition for supplement
  • Figure 8.4 on page 170 – Example of feeder provides loose salt protection from elements
  • Figure 8-3 on page 170 – Cattle consuming salt from compressed block
  • For poultry and swine, in general, added to ration
  • Requirements
  • Added to majority of animal rations
  • Increase as fluid losses increase
  • Examples of fluid loss: sweat and milk
  • For ruminants and horses, increase  consuming high K forages
  • For ruminants and horses, in general, 0.5-1.0% added to commercial formulas
  • In addition, various supplements may contain 1.0-3.0%
  • For poultry and swine, in general, feeds 0.25-0.50%
  • Toxicity
  • Excess is potential issue for all species
  • Poultry and swine more susceptible
  • Prevention, know relative contents of feedstuffs and water and provide adequate water
  • Attractive and palatable
  • Animals expected to consume enough to at least meet Na and Cl requirements
  • Ca and P
  • In general, supplementation required
  • Contents in feedstuffs
  • Forages
  • Low in P
  • High in Ca
  • Grains and similar concentrates
  • Low in Ca
  • High in P
  • Ca bioavailability similar across Ca sources
  • P bioavailability varies between P sources
  • Bioavailability of P
  • Plant-based sources
  • App. half of P is bound with phytic acid in phytate complex
  • For monogastrics
  • Phytin P relatively unavailable
  • App. half of P available
  • For ruminants
  • Rumen microorganisms synthesize phytase
  • Releases phytin P, making available
  • Greater amount available
  • Inorganic sources
  • Also varies
  • Well utilized include phosphoric acid, and mono, di, and tricalcium phosphates
  • Sources
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Common source of Ca and P
  • Figure 10.3 – Dicalcium phosphate

  

  • Average composition 25-28% Ca and 18-21% P
  • Also low in F
  • Additional bone-based products
  • Steamed bone meal, bone charcoal, spent bone charcoal, and bone ash
  • Figure 10.4 – Steamed bone meal

  

  • Contents of Ca and P vary
  • In general, favorable sources of Ca and P
  • Monocalcium phosphate
  • App. 20% Ca and 21% P
  • Favorable source
  • Tricalcium phosphate
  • App. 38% Ca and 18% P
  • Favorable source
  • Defluorinated phosphate
  • Figure 10.5 – Defluorinated rock phosphate

  

  • Average P 14%
  • Bioavailability favorable
  • Phosphoric acid
  • Average P 23-25%
  • Bioavailability high
  • Often added to liquid supplements for ruminants
  • Ammonium phosphate
  • Produced by treating phosphoric acid with ammonium
  • Monoammonium and diammonium
  • Source N for ruminant species
  • Minimum N
  • Monoammonium: 9%
  • Diammonium: 17%
  • As source of N, maximum inclusion rate at point product provides 2% of total ration CP
  • Phosphorus
  • Monoammonium: 25%
  • Diammonium: 20%
  • Mono and disodium phosphate
  • Favorable bioavailability
  • Various sources of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Limestone and oyster shells
  • Figure 10.6 – Ground limestone

  

  • Calcium sulfate
  • Source of S
  • S essential for MCP synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids
  • Dolomite limestone
  • Contains at least 10% Mg
  • Bioavailability low for some species
  • In general, favorable sources of Ca
  • Mg
  • In general, supplementation required
  • Sources
  • Magnesium oxide is preferred source
  • Mg content 54-60%
  • Favorable bioavailability
  • Magnesium carbonate
  • Mg content 21-28%
  • Favorable bioavailability
  • Magnesium sulfate
  • Mg content 10-17%
  • Favorable bioavailability
  • K
  • In general, required for ruminants on high-concentrate rations and for monogastrics
  • Sources include potassium chloride, sulfate, and carbonate
  • Content and bioavailability favorable
  • S
  • In general, supplemental sulfur required for ruminants, especially consuming NPN compounds
  • Favorable sources include potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate
  • Elemental S may also be added
  • To fulfill S requirements of monogastrics, feed sulfur-containing proteins