Week 5
Feed Additives and Labeling |
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Additives to Improve Manufacture and/or Properties of Feed
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- Antifungal agents
- Prevent growth of fungi in feedstuffs
- Fungi
- Also referred to as molds
- Given appropriate conditions, all feedstuffs susceptible to fungal growth
- Warm
- Moist
- Critical moisture content 12%
- Aerobic
- Fungal growth
- Field prior to harvest
- During storage
- Contaminated
- Processing
- Storage
- Feeding
- Modes
- Production of toxins
- Alteration of chemical composition of feed
- Alteration of metabolism of animal
- Effects
- Reduce palatability
- Detrimental to health and productivity
- Varies with species and physiological state
- Effective antifungal agents
- Propionic acid
- Common
- Economical
- Safe
- Liquid and dry forms
- Sodium propionate
- Calcium propionate
- Sodium diacetate
- Sorbic acid
- Ammonia
- Phosphoric acid
- Antioxidants
- Various feedstuffs susceptible to oxidation
- Lipids
- Fish-based products
- Animal-based products
- Vitamins
- Feeds high in unsaturated fatty acids, especially susceptible
- Oxidation and rancidity
- Reduce palatability
- Reduce nutritional value
- Destruction of nutrients
- Function
- Minimize oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Function via provision of unsaturated fatty acid with hydrogen
- Also may function as antioxidants in cells of animal
- Common antioxidants
- Synthetic
- Ethoxyquin
- Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
- Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
- Ability to minimize detrimental effects of peroxides
- Natural
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin C
- Selenium
- Oxidation may also be minimized by refrigeration, exclusion of light, exclusion of oxygen, and destruction of enzymes
- Pellet binders
- Pellets
- Physical form of feed
- Dense particles of various feedstuffs
- Pelleting
- To improve characteristics of processing and feeding
- Potential issues
- Pellets may crumble, depending on feedstuff
- Presence of fines
- Function
- Enhance firmness and strength
- Reduce tendency to crumble
- Common pellet binders
- Bentonites
- Clays
- Most common
- Presence of steam improves efficacy
- In general, 2-3% of ration
- Also may function to improve utilization of NPN compounds and faciliates excretion of mycotoxins
- Cellulose- and hemicellulose-based products
- Lignin derivatives
- By-products of grain industry
- Molasses and lipids
- Natural feedstuffs in ration such as wheat also function as pellet binder
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