Week 5
Feed Additives and Labeling |
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Additives to Improve Efficiency of Animal Production - Part I
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- Flavoring agents
- Adequate feed intake
- Meet daily nutrient requirements
- Efficient animal production
- Improve palatability and acceptance of feed
- Especially beneficial
- Rations with low palatabilities
- Animals in distress
- High-producing animals
- Senses in feed flavor and acceptance
- Smell
- Taste
- Abilities and preferences vary by species
- In general, herbivores and omnivores prefer sweet
- Select species, preferences for volatile fatty acids
- Horses
- Acute senses of smell and taste
- Poultry
- Minimal sense of smell and adequate sense of taste
- Ruminants
- Classifications
- Natural
- Physical methods from raw materials
- Nature-identical
- Chemically identical to natural products
- Chemical methods from raw materials or chemical synthesis
- Artificial
- Chemical synthesis
- Not present in natural products
- Compared to natural products, may be superior in consistency of quality, ability to endure processing, and cost-effectiveness
- Result of complex mixture of chemicals
- Present in natural feedstuffs or available as feed additives
- Enzymes
- Organic catalysts
- Complex protein compounds produced by plant and organisms cells
- In general, animal enzymes adequate for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates specific to enzymes produced
- Do not produce enzymes for each ration component
- Additional enzymes have potential to digest nutrients not digested by animal or microorganisms within animal
- For nonruminants
- Enzymes to digest cellulose
- Not effective or economical
- Enzymes to digest beta-glucans
- Beta glucans
- Structural carbohydrates
- Barley and oats
- Beta-glucanases
- For poultry, improved growth rate, feed efficiency, and properties of excrement
- Fermentation products
- Enzymes to digest pectosans
- Pectosans
- Structural carbohydrates
- Wheat, triticale, and rye
- Pectosanase
- For poultry, improved animal performance and properties of excrement
- For ruminants, cellulases have improved digestion of structural carbohydrates in rumen
- Buffers
- Compounds to reduce change in hydrogen ion concentration produced with addition of acids or alkalis
- Hydrogen ion concentration as pH
- pH
- Measure of acidity or alkalinity
- Scale of 0-14
- Acids less than 7
- Neutral is 7
- Alkalis greater than 7
- Added to rations of ruminants
- In general, optimal pH of rumen is 6.2-6.8
- Essential for rumen function and productivity
- Acidic
- Alters population of rumen microorganisms
- Efficiency of nutrient digestion
- Animal health
- In modern production systems, factors contributing to acidic pH
- Low roughage content
- Roughages stimulate saliva production
- Saliva contains natural buffers
- Particle size of roughage
- High concentrate content
- Increase in carbohydrate degradation and increased rate of carbohydrate degradation
- Alterations of proportions of VFA in rumen
- Additional factors
- Reduced particle size of feedstuffs
- Rapid transitions from high-roughage to high-concentrate
- Feeding of fermented feedstuffs
- Various products
- Common compounds
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Magnesium oxide
- Additional
- Potassium bicarbonate, sodium bentonites, sodium sesquicarbonate, and limestone
- In general, added to rations of dairy cattle, feedlot beef cattle, and feedlot lambs
- Lactating dairy cattle
- Decrease rumen acidity and improve intake, milk-fat, and milk production
- Feedlot animals
- Counteract depressed appetite, reduced feed efficiency, and reduced gains associated with increased rumen acidity
- Optimal product to add varies by species, feedstuffs, and economics
- Grit
- Added to poultry rations to facilitate digestion
- For poultry, feed ground in gizzard
- Reduce particle size sand facilitate digestion
- Grit retained in gizzard
- Aids in grinding of feeds in gizzard
- In general, most effective
- Hard feeds
- Feeds with larger particle size
- Sources
- Limestone and oyster shells
- Small stones
- Electrolytes
- Compounds when dissolved in water conduct electric current
- In animal, common are salts of macrominerals
- Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, and Cl
- Electrolyte solutions
- Sodium chloride solution
- Most frequently administered
- Potassium or magnesium salts
- Provision of electrolytes
- Ration
- Additional in specific situations
- Diarrhea, excess sweating, excess urination, and vomiting
- Zeolites
- Primary ion-exchange compounds added
- Clay minerals of hydrates aluminosilicates of cations
- Gain and lose water and exchange respective cations
- Natural and synthetic sources
- May improve growth, feed efficiency, and health of GI tract of various species
- For poultry and swine, may reduce ammonia concentration in air in facilities
- Acidifying agents or acidifiers
- Added to rations of young animals
- Also referred to as organic acids
- Primary tested citric and fumaric acid
- Weanling swine
- Improve growth and feed efficiency
- Broiler chicks
- Mechanism
- Not proven
- Hypotheses
- Due to antimicrobial or energy-yielding properties of organic acids
- Milk replacers for calves
- Maintain abomasal pH to inhibit E. coli
- Bloat control products
- Control pasture and/or feedlot bloat in ruminants
- Bloat
- Nutritional disorder
- Accumulation of gases in reticulorumen
- Primary types
- Free-gas bloat
- Frothy bloat
- Ruminants fed high-concentrate, low-roughage rations
- Ruminants consuming immature legume forages or wheat forages
- Additives to control bloat
- Poloxalene
- Oxytetracycline
- Trade names: Terramycin and Neo-Terramycin
- Laureth-23
- Trade name: Enproal Bloat Blox
- In addition, ionophores to control feedlot bloat
- Saliva inducers
- Induce production and secretion of saliva in ruminants
- Potential to improve efficiency of animal production
- For ruminants
- Interest on slaframine
- Fungal mycotoxin
- Initial data support increase in salivation rate, rumen pH, efficiency of MCP synthesis
- High-concentrate, low-roughage diets
- Inadequate saliva production
- Metabolic disorders and less than optimal utilization of feedstuffs
- Defaunation
- Process of elimination of protozoa from rumen
- Agents
- Copper sulfate
- Nonionic and anionic detergents
- Saponins
- Compounds present in plants (e.g. yucca and tropical trees)
- Results
- Evidence suggest improves performance of ruminants fed high-concentrate, low protein rations
- No appreciable effects for animals fed conventional rations
- Activated carbon
- May minimize effects of specific detrimental compounds in GI tract
- Also referred to as charcoal
- Facilitate excretion of specific compounds
- Efficacy varies
- Fed in events of pesticide and insecticide contamination
- Additives to control environmental aspects
- Improve interior environment
- May be important for confined animal operations
- Primary effect of various products is ammonia control
- Ammonia
- Gas produced via microbial action on urea of mammals and uric acid of birds
- Excess ammonia causes respiratory issues and subsequently decreases production
- Zeolites
- May reduce ammonia production in environment
- In general, application directly to excrement more effective to control ammonia
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