Week 5

Feed Additives and Labeling

Additives to Improve Efficiency of Animal Production - Part II

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• FDA approval of drugs
• Developing to more extensive and challenging process
• Limited quantity approved
• Approval may also be altered
• Feed Additive Compendium
• Annually by Miller Publishing Company
• Updated information on approved compounds
• Hormones
• Utilized to improve animal production
• Chemical compounds produced in specific region and transported to another region to perform compound’s specific physiological function(s)
• Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
• In U.S., only hormone product approved as feed additive
• Table 9-2 on page 187 – Approved use of MGA
• Synthetic progesterone
• Suppresses estrus and ovulation
• Improves gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers
• Also maintains intake and performance of steers in feedlot
• Various products to improve animal production
• Various combinations of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
• Administered to growing and finishing ruminants
• Increase growth rate, improve feed efficiency, and potentially, reduce deposition of lipid
• Administered via subcutaneous implant
• Bovine somatotropin
• Increase feed efficiency and milk production in lactating dairy cattle
• Somatotropin
• Previously referred to as growth hormone
• Protein hormone
• Via intramuscular injection
• Porcine somatotropin
• To swine to increase growth rate and leanness
• Antibiotics
• Produced by living microorganisms (i.e. bacteria and fungi)
• Bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties on one or more microorganism(s)
• In U.S., majority of production animals receive at least one antibiotic
• Use of subtherapeutic levels
• Cattle
• Majority to young and growing-finishing
• Poultry
• Majority of broiler rations one or more
• May also be fed to layers
• Swine
• Product approved
• Not substitute for appropriate sanitation and management
• Table 9-2 on pages 183-187 of text – Information on antibiotics approved by FDA
• Product name
• Approved species and dosage
• Manufacturer claims
• Required withdrawal period
• Subtherapeutic levels
• As feed additives, administered at low levels
• Increase intake, growth rate, and/or feed efficiency
• Aid in control of infectious diseases
• Maintain optimal health and production, especially during distress
• Response varies with species, physiological state, and environmental conditions
• Greatest for young, unhealthy, and/or stressed animals
• Mechanism to improve feed efficiency and/or growth
• Not identified
• Appears a function of effects on microorganisms in GI tract
• Dependent on specific antibiotic, combination of one or more mechanism
• Proposed mechanisms
• Suppression of microbes that cause subclinical disease
• Reduction of microbial growth-suppressants
• Reduction of microbial destruction of nutrients
• Stimulation of synthesis of nutrients
• Reduction in thickness of cell wall of GI tract
• Increasing absorption efficiency
• Reducing protein and energy requirements
• Inhibition of ability of microorganisms to stimulate immune response
• Subtherapeutic levels are controversial issue
• Improve efficiency of animal production
• Benefit producer and consumer
• Concern is extensive utilization promotes development of strains resistant to antibiotics
• Evidence does not support use of subtherapeutic levels in rations poses human health risk
• Therapeutic doses
• Control or treat various diseases
• Control GI parasites in animals
• Examples
• Prevent or control disease associated with transportation or adjustment to new facility
• Anaplasmosis in cattle
• Bacterial enteritis in swine
• Respiratory diseases, diarrhea, fowl cholera, and fowl typhoid in poultry
• In general, administered for short period of time
• In general, higher doses not approved for extended use
• Chemotherapeutic agents
• Organic compounds with bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties
• Similar to antibiotics
• Discussed classified as drugs
• Control and/or treat disease
• Also may be to improve growth
• Selection
• Issue to address
• Production objectives
• Table 9-2 on page 185-186 – Information on arsenicals, sulfas, and nitrofurans
• Arsenicals
• Synthetic compounds
• Arsenic
• Improve gain and feed efficiency in swine and poultry
• Control blackhead in poultry
• Prevent dysentery in swine
• At least five day withdrawal period
• Sulfas
• Sulfur
• Prevent bacterial enteritis in swine
• Prevent  coccidiosis and fowl cholera in poultry
• Residues
• Nitrofurans
• Antibacterial
• Improve growth and prevent bacterial enteritis and diarrhea for swine
• Nitrofurans improve growth, feed efficiency and control coccidiosis, nonspecific bacterial enteritis, and fowl typhoid for poultry
• Coccidiostats
• Compounds for prevention and control of coccidiosis
• Classified as drugs by FDA
• Various synthetic products, antibiotics, and selected nitrofurans and sulfas
• Table 9-2 on page 185 of text – Coccidiostats
• Prevention and control important to animal industries
• Especially poultry, swine, cattle, and sheep
• Ionophores
• Alter population of rumen microorganisms, resulting in alteration of rumen metabolism
• Named base on mode of action
• Carriers for metal ions across cell membranes
• In U.S., approved ionophores
• Lasalocid
• Trade name: Bovatec
• Monensin
• Trade name: Rumensin
• In U.S., species approval of ionophores
• Approved for beef cattle and dairy heifers
• Responses in growing and mature animals
• Responses in high-forage and high-concentrate rations
• Not approved for lactating dairy cattle
• Approved and utilized as coccidiostat for poultry, sheep, goats, and cattle
• Toxic to horses and swine
• Proposed mechanism ionophores utilize for production responses in growing and mature cattle
• For cattle, improve feed efficiency and may also improve daily gain
• Mechanism suggests ionophores produce responses via alteration of population of microorganisms in rumen
• Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
• Different cell structures
• Ionophores inhibit growth of gram positive and facilitate growth of gram negative
• Produces shift in metabolism of CHO from acetic to propionic acid
• Compared to acetic, propionic is more efficient utilization of CHO for energy
• Primary products of carbohydrate metabolism by rumen microorganisms
• Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, carbon dioxide, and methane
• In rumen, various CHO metabolized to glucose
• Glucose metabolized to produce various VFA
• High-roughage
• Production of acetic acid
• High-concentrate rations
• Propionic acid
• Acetic acid production
• One glucose molecule to two acetic acid molecules, one carbon dioxide, and one methane
• Ruminant not able to utilize carbon dioxide and methane for energy
• Only four carbons available for absorption and metabolism
• Propionic acid production
• One glucose to two propionic acid molecules
• Ruminant retains all six carbons to be absorbed and metabolized
• Additional functions of ionophores
• Reduce incidence of lactic acidosis and aid in control of feedlot bloat and acute pulmonary emphysema
• Inhibition of growth of Streptococcus bovis and/or Lactobacillus species
• Decrease degradation of protein in rumen
• Increase in rumen by-pass protein
• Aid in control of coccidiosis and face and horn flies
• Anthelmintics
• Additives to prevent and control parasitic organisms in the animal
• Control losses in productivity and profitability from parasitic organisms
• FDA classifies as drugs
• Also referred to as vermifuges or wormers
• Selection
• Accurate identification of specific parasite(s)
• Species and physiological state
• Health
• Administration method
• Side effects
• Cost
• Parasite control program and schedule
• Establishment recommended
• May utilized multiple products in rotation
• Considers life-cycles of various parasites
• Added to ration or water
• Table 9-2 on page 186-187 of text – Information regarding products to control parasitic microorganisms
• Probiotics
• Favorable microorganisms and/or ingredients that enhance growth of favorable microorganisms in GI tract
• May contain microorganisms and/or products facilitating establishment of microorganisms
• Precise mechanism(s) unidentified and unproved
• Referred to as direct-fed microbials
• Alternatives to antibiotics
• Probiotics
• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Common microorganism fed
• Yeasts
• Fed to monogastrics and ruminants
• Optimal product depends
• Species
• Physiological state
• Health
• Components of  ration
• Objective of probiotics
• Requirements
• Competitive with existing microorganisms of GI tract
• Survive conditions of GI tract
• Feeding
• Most effective for young animals and animals under distress
• Liquid and dry form
• Added to ration, liquid supplement, or water
• Efficacy varies