Week 5

Mineral and Vitamin Supplements

Introduction to Vitamin Supplements

Text Transcript

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• Chemically unrelated, organic compounds
• Each performs specific function
• Micronutrients essential for health and optimal production
• Cost minimal compared to potential impact on productivity and profitability

   

• Classified
  • Fat-soluble or water-soluble
  • Table 10.5 – Primary function of each of fat- and water-soluble vitamins

Table 10.5 - Function(s) of Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin	Primary Function(s)
Vitamin A	-Maintenance of vision -Body and bone growth -Development of teeth -Maintenance of epithelial cells and cells lining nose, throat, respiratory and digestive systems, and genital and urinary tracts -Glycoprotein, protein, thyroxin, glycogen, and corticosterone synthesis -Tissue differentiation -Antioxidant
Vitamin D	-Assimilation and utilization of calcium and phosphorus -Growth and mineralization of bones -Development of teeth -Maintains citrate level in blood -Minimizes loss of amino acids
Vitamin E	-Antioxidant -Maintenance of red blood cells -Cellular respiration -Regulates synthesis of DNA, vitamin C, and coenzyme Q
Vitamin K	-Blood coagulation
Thiamin (B1)	-Energy metabolism -Transketolation process or conversion of glucose to lipids -Peripheral nerves -Maintenance of appetite -Muscle tone
Riboflavin (B2)	-Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins -Formation of specific water-soluble vitamins -Potential functions include: component of the eye, functioning of the adrenal gland, and production of corticosteroids in adrenal cortex
Pyridoxine (B6)	-Metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Cyanocobalamin (B12)	-Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism -Formation of red blood cells -Maintenance of nerve tissue -Synthesis and transfer of carbon groups -Reduction reactions -Interrelated with other vitamins such as choline, folic acid, and pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid	-Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins -Transmission of nerve impulses -Synthesis of hemoglobin -Synthesis of cholesterol and other sterols -Synthesis of steroid hormones -Maintenance of blood sugar -Immune function -Detoxification -Synthesis of fatty acids
Nicotinic acid (Niacin)	-Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins -Synthesis of fatty acids, protein, and DNA -Biological oxidation-reduction reactions -Growth -Metabolism of cholesterol
Folic acid	-Nucleic acid synthesis -Formation of heme for hemoglobin -Synthesis and metabolism of amino acids -Metabolism of select water-soluble vitamins
Biotin	-Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins -Deamination of proteins
Choline	-Prevention of triglyceride accumulation in liver -Transmission of nerve impulses -Metabolism of lipids
Inositol	-Lipid metabolism
Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)	-Component of folic acid molecule
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)	-Formation and maintenance of collagen -Metabolism of amino acids, lipids, iron, and folic acid -Teeth and bone structure -Maintenance of the circulatory system -Antioxidant

• Water-soluble
  • Enzyme cofactors
    • Cofactors: organic molecules required for activation of enzymes
  • Daily supplementation required
• Fat-soluble
  • Technically, daily supplementation not required
• Provision
  • Natural feedstuffs of ration
  • Supplementation with natural and synthetic sources
    • Table 8-4 on page 176 of text – Recognized supplementary sources of vitamins
    • Appendix Table 7 on page 518 of text – Various synthetic vitamin supplements and vitamin contents
    • In general, provided in complete feed or mixture
• Vitamins in feedstuffs
  • Contribute fulfill dietary vitamin requirement
  • Content in plant-, animal-, and microorganism-based feedstuffs varies
    • Plant-based
      • Varies by species, component of plant, growing conditions, and harvesting, processing, and storing methods
    • Animal-based
      • Varies by tissue
    • Microorganisms
      • In general, favorable vitamin sources
  • Generally, effective method to fulfill requirement is via vitamin supplement
  • Vitamins susceptible to heat, sunlight, oxidation, and microorganisms
• General vitamin requirements
  • Ruminants
    • Do not require B-complex and vitamin K
    • Specific classes may require niacin, thiamine, and/or choline
    • Do require vitamins A, D, and/or E
    • Young ruminants
      • Require dietary supplementation of vitamins synthesized by rumen microbes until maturation of rumen system
  • Horses
    • Do not require B-complex
    • Require vitamins A, D, E, and K
  • Swine
    • Require riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, cyanocobalamine, and vitamins A, D, E, and K
  • Poultry
    • Majority of water-soluble
      • Exceptions may be inositol and PABA
    • Vitamins A, D, E, and K
  • All livestock species synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin C