Week 3

Protein Sources

Oilseed Meals

Text Transcript

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• In U.S., high oil seeds for human foodstuffs and industrial products
• Oilseed meals are by-products
• Table 6.1 – Total and relative amounts of oilseeds produced in U.S. in 2001

• In U.S., primary oilseed meals fed soybean and cottonseed
• Processing methods to remove oil from seed
  • Screw press or expeller
    • Cracked, dried, cooked, and extruded
    • Temperature regulated
      • Inactivate antinutritional factors
      • Maintain nutritional value
        • Maillard or browning reaction
          • Bind carbohydrates and amino acids
          • Reduce nutritional (protein) value of feedstuff
    • Oilseeds have greatest lipid content
• Direct solvent
  • Cracked, cooked, ground, and extracted
  • Heated during solvent recovery
    • Inactivate antinutritional factors
• Prepress solvent
  • Modified expeller process with solvent extraction
  • Oilseed meal with lowest lipid content
• General nutritional value
  • Table 6.2 on page 89 of text nutrient compositions of oilseed meals
  • Protein
    • Quantity
      • Minimal 40% CP (DM basis)
    • Quality
      • True protein
      • Digestible
      • Moderate to good biological value
      • Low in cystine and methionine
      • Lysine variable; low in all except soybean meal
  • Energy value
    • Varies
  • Minerals
    • Low in calcium
    • High in phosphorus; relatively unavailable
  • Vitamins
    • Low to moderate in B-complex vitamins
    • Low in E and carotene
• Soybean meal
  • Most important protein supplement for animals
  • Figure 6.1 – Field of immature soybeans

    

  • Figure 6.2 -  Mature soybean plant

    

  • Figure 6.3 – Soybean meal

    

  • Nutritional value
    • Highest nutritional value of plant protein sources
    • 44 or 55% CP (AF basis)
    • Amino acid profile
      • Favorable
      • Low in methionine, cystine, and tryptophan
    • High energy
    • Low fiber
    • Low in Ca, P, carotene, vitamin D, and B-complex vitamins
    • Palatable and digestible
  • Antinutritional factors
    • Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytoestrogens, saponins, goitrogens, and others
    • Heat effectively address
  • Processing
    • Solvent extraction
    • Subsequently toasted
  • Feeding livestock
    • Excellent results for monogastrics and ruminants
  • Other soybean-based products
    • Whole, dehulled, solvent-extracted meal, ground, extruded whole beans or full-fat meal, and soy flour
• Cottonseed meal
  • Figure 6.4 -  Cotton seed

    

  • Figure 6.5 – Cottonseed meal

    

  • Nutritional value
    • 41% CP (AF basis); 44 or 48% CP
    • Good protein quality
    • Low in cystine, methionine, lysine, and tryptophan
    • Higher fiber than soybean meal
    • Low in Ca, carotene, and vitamin D
    • High in P
    • Palatability greater for ruminants
  • Antinutritional factors
    • Gossypol
      • Toxic in free form
      • Reducing free gossypol
        • Heat processing
          • Binds
        • Genetic engineering
          • Reduces or eliminates gland
        • Iron salts
          • Binds
      • Monogastrics more susceptible to toxicity
  • Processing
    • Cleaned, dehulled, crushed, extracted, and ground
    • Extracted via direct solvent or prepress solvent
  • Feeding livestock
    • Monogastrics
      • Feed less than 25% of total protein supplement
    • More suitable for ruminants
  • Other cottonseed-based products
    • Whole cottonseed for ruminants
• Canola meal
  • By-product of specialized rape seed
  • Rapeseed
    • High erucic acid and glucosinolate
  • Canola
    • Low erucic acid and glucosinolate
  • Figure 6.6 – Canola field

    

  • Figure 6.7 – Canola seed

    

  • Figure 6.8 – Canola meal

    

  • Nutritional value
    • 41-43% CP (DM basis)
    • Good amino acid profile
    • Lower in lysine and higher in methionine compared to soybean meal
  • Antinutritional factors
    • Erucic acid, glucosinolates, and tannic acid
  • Feeding livestock
    • Monogastrics and ruminants
      • General maximum rate is 20% of ration
  • Additional canola-based products
    • Full-fat canola seed
• Linseed meal
  • By-product of flax oilseed
  • Figure 6.9 – Flax plant

    

  • Figure 6.10 -  Flax seed

    

  • Nutritional value
    • 35% CP (AF basis)
    • Low in lysine and tryptophan
    • Low in carotene, vitamin D
    • Moderate in Ca and B vitamins
  • Antinutritional factors
    • Cyanogenic glycoside and antipyridoxine factor
  • Feeding livestock
    • Favorable for ruminants, horses, and sometimes swine
    • Rarely fed to poultry
• Peanut meal
  • Figure 6.11 – Peanuts on the vine

    

  • Nutritional value
    • 44-55% CP
    • Quality varies
    • Low in methionine, lysine, and tryptophan
    • Low in Ca, carotene, and vitamin D
    • Palatable
  • Antinutritional factor
    • Aflatoxins
  • Other peanut-based products
    • Peanut meal and hulls
• Safflower meal
  • Figure 6.12 – Safflower plant

    

  • Nutritional value
    • Meal with hulls
      • 25% CP (DM basis)
      • 32% CF (DM basis)
    • Partially dehulled meal
      • Higher nutritional value
      • 46% CP (DM basis)
      • 15% CP (DM basis)
    • Deficient in methionine and lysine
  • Feeding livestock
    • Monogastrics
      • Dehulled meal
    • Ruminants
      • Used efficiently
• Sesame meal
  • Nutritional value
    • 38-48% CP (DM basis)
    • Low in lysine and adequate in methionine
    • Phytic acid
  • Feeding livestock
    • Limit amount fed to monogastrics
• Sunflower meal
  • Nutritional value
    • With hulls
      • 26% CP (DM basis)
    • Dehulled meal
      • 50% CP (DM basis)
    • Protein quality similar to soybean meal
    • Low in lysine
    • High in fiber
  • Feeding livestock
    • For monogastrics, fiber will limit use
• Additional oilseed meals
  • Page 97 of text
  • Use limited