Week 10

Swine

Ration Formulation to Manage Nutrients

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Ration Formulation to Minimize Waste

• Animal production has increasingly grown highly specialized, industrialized and concentrated geographically
• During the last decade, environmental concerns have become important issues in animal agriculture.
• Manure disposal and odor control have become particularly important issues where concentrated confinement systems are utilized.
• The primary goal of producers and nutritionists has traditionally been to maximize performance by formulating diets via a “safety margin” approach.
• Nutritionists now must now formulate diets and develop feeding programs that both optimize production AND minimize nutrients excreted (e.g. N, P) and odors produced.

Traditional Approaches and Problems

• Land application has been the major means of using manure
• However there is increasing concern over the negative impact such practices have on the quality of both surface and ground water
• Two approaches have been adopted to meet this challenge:
1. Reduce the amount of nutrients being excreted
2. Ensure that nutrients that are excreted can be recycled in a sustainable manner that does not hurt air/groundwater/soil quality

Decreasing Nitrogen Excretion in Swine

• Basic approach: Application of Ideal protein concept (accurately determine protein requirements and supply dietary requirements with minimal excess)
• Areas of nutritional research aimed at meeting these goals:
1. Develop more accurate requirement values
2. Know digestibility of the AA in ingredients being fed
3. Feed most digestible ingredients economically possible
4. Implement phase feeding (match feed to stage of growth)
5. Feed males and females separately
6. Decrease the margin of safety in the concentrations of nutrients



Phase Feeding: Growing-Finishing Pigs

• Growing Phase - to 100-125 lbs
  • 1480 kcal ME/lb, 18% CP, 0.95% Lys
• Finishing phase - to 240 lb
  • 1485 kcal ME/lb, 16% CP, 0.80% Lys
• Split sexes
  • Barrows eat and gain more (18/15% CP)
  • Gilts more efficient (feed:gain) and leaner (18/17%)

Synthetic Amino Acids Decrease Waste Nitrogen

• Lower dietary protein by 2 % points and supplementing the diet with crystalline lysine is one of the most effective ways to decrease N excretion in pigs (Klopfenstein et al, 2002)
  • Reduces nutrition excretion by 20-25% (Pierce et al., 1994) in growing pigs

Decreasing Phosphorus Excretion in Swine

• Most P in cereal grains is in the form of phytate
• Swine and poultry lack sufficient quantities of the intestinal enzyme phytase to utilyze P efficiently
• Strategies to decrease P excretion:
1. Avoid excessive fortification of diets with P (commonly done in past)
2. Use highly available P Sources
3. Supplement diet with Microbial Phytase
4. Use genetically engineered Low-phytate corn and soybean meal

Effect of Low-Phytate Corn on P excretion