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Week 1

Nutrients

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Proteins

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Time: 7.42

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  • Chemical composition: amino acids (AA)
  • Figure 2.6 – Chemical structure of amino acid
    • Hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, and R group

      • Figure 2.6 - Chemical structure of an amino acid

  • All proteins contain nitrogen
  • AA and linkages determine protein properties
  • Figure 2.7 – Structure of protein

    • Figure 2.7 - Structure of protein

  • Functions
    • Structure
    • Movement
    • Digestion
    • Metabolism
    • Growth
    • Defense
  • Synthesis
    • Regulated by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
    • Requires specific AA
    • Limiting amino acid
    • Twenty AA
    • Table 2.1 – Dietary essential and nonessential AA

     

    Table 2.1 - Amino Acids
    Essential AA
    Nonessential AA
    Arginine
    Alanine
    Histidine
    Aspartic acid
    Isoleucine
    Citrulline
    Leucine
    Cystine
    Lysine
    Glutamic acid*
    Methionine
    Glycine*
    Phenylalanine
    Hydroxyproline
    Threonine
    Proline*
    Tryptophan
    Serine
    Valine
    Tyrosine
    Taurine
    *Additional amino acids required by chicks

     

     

     

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      • Essential
        • Animal cannot synthesize adequate amounts; required in diet
      • Nonessential
        • Animal can synthesize adequate amounts; not required in diet
  • Monogastrics
    • Digestion – stomach and small intestine
      • Mammalian enzymes and other compounds
    • Absorption – small intestine
      • Amino acids
    • Similar AA profile consumed and absorbed
  • Ruminants
    • Figure 2.8 – Protein nutrition in ruminant

    Figure 2.8 - Protein Nutrition in a Ruminant

    • Dietary protein
      • Rumen inert or rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or undegradable intake protein (UIP)
        • Not changed in rumen
        • Digested to AA and AA absorbed in small intestine
      • Rumen degradable protein (RDP) or degradable intake protein (DIP)
        • Digested in rumen – microbes
          • Microbial proteins
            • Digested to AA and AA absorbed in small intestine
      • Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) compounds
        • Metabolized in rumen – microbes
          • Microbial proteins
            • Digested to AA and AA absorbed in small intestine
    • Microbial protein synthesis
      • Substrates – nitrogen and energy
    • N recycling
  • Requirements
    • Monogastrics
      • Total protein – true protein
      • Limiting amino acids – lysine, methionine, and tryptophan
    • Ruminants
      • Total protein – True protein and NPN compounds
      • Relative amounts
      • Limiting amino acids – lysine and methionine

 

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Syllabus
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GI Tracts and Nutrient Utilization
o Introduction
o Classification
o Anatomy and Physiology
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Nutrients
o Introduction
o Water
o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Lipids
o Minerals
o Vitamins
o Energy
o Functions and Requirements
Feedstuffs and Nutritional Value
o Introduction
o Estimating Nutritional Value
o Laboratory Based Analyses
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Activities
o Discussion: Introduce Yourself
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High Energy Feedstuffs
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Protein Sources
o Introduction
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o Liquid Supplements
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Roughages
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o Classes of Forage: Legumes
o Chemical Composition of Herbage
o Factors Influencing Nutritional Value
o Pasture Forages
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o Hay
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o High-Moisture Forages: Silage
o High-Moisture Forages: Haylage
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Mineral and Vitamin Supplements
o Intro to Mineral Supplements
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o Microminerals
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Feed Additives & Labeling
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o Efficiency of Animal Production I
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Feed Processing
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Ration Formulation
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Spreadsheets
o Section 1-5
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Dairy: Calves
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Dairy: Heifers
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Dairy: Lactating Cows
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o Stages of Lactation
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Beef: Cow-Calf
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Sheep
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o Lactation
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o Nutrients
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Dog and Cat Nutrition
o Labels
o Ingredients
o Energy, Energy Requirements
o Needs, Photos, Calculations
o Feeding Levels, Overweight Pets
Assessment
o Online Evaluation
o Final Exam